تأثیر تفاوت‌های نسلی بر ارزش‌های فردی در محیط کار

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• افسانه یوسف پور ^{1، 2}
• علیرضا خوراکیان ³

¹ دکتری مدیریت رفتار سازمانی، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

² دکتری مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه ورشو، لهستان-دوره مشترک

³ استاد گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/social.2022.76446.1173

چکیده

تغییرات تاریخی اخیر، شکاف نسلی در ایران ایجاد کرده است. به نظر می‌رسد که جوانان ایرانی به ارزش‌های متفاوتی مقید هستند که اگر به‌درستی شناخته شوند، بی‌تردید به جلوگیری از درگیری‌ها و چالش‌های متعدد در سازمان‌ها کمک می‌کند. این پژوهش به بررسی تفاوت‌های نسلی در ارزش‌های فردی در ایران می‌پردازد؛ بر این اساس، دو مطالعه تجربی انجام شده است. در اولین مطالعه، 71 خانواده ایرانی (شامل 238 فرزند بزرگسال و والدین آن‌ها) از طریق نمونه‌گیری گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شد و برای بررسی تفاوت‌های نسلی در ارزش‌های فردی آن‌ها، پرسشنامه ارزش‌های شوارتز به کار رفت. مطالعه دوم بر جمع‌آوری اطلاعات دقیق‌تر از طریق مصاحبه‌ ساختاریافته با 125 تن از اعضای همین خانواده‌ها برای حمایت از یافته‌های مطالعه اول متمرکز است. مطالعه اول تفاوت‌های نسلی را در همه ارزش‌های موردمطالعه به‌جز خیرخواهی نشان داد؛ به‌طوری‌که نسل جوان، قدرت، موفقیت و لذت‌گرایی را بر هم‌نوایی و سنت ترجیح می‌دهند. به‌طورکلی، نتایج مطالعات اول و دوم با هم مطابقت داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• نسل
• ارزش‌های فردی شوارتز
• خانواده‌های ایرانی
• مدیریت سازمان

مراجع

1. دلخموش، م.، و احمدی مبارکه، م. (1391). ویژگی‌های مختص به فرهنگ در ارزش‌های ایرانیان: بررسی در سه نمونه از سه نسل. روان شناسی تحولی: روان شناسان ایرانی، 9(34)، 107-127.
2. مسافری قمی، م.، رستگار، ا.، آذر، ا.، و دامغانیان، ه. (1396). شناسایی نسل‌ها در محیط کار در ایران. مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، 15(4)، 947-975.

 

3. Abbasi-Esfanjir, A., Sam, S., & Amirian, R. (2013). Generation gap in values: Comparison of the young and elderly. Journal of Specialized Social Science, 10(38), 162-185
4. Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J., McDonald, P., & Hossein Chavosh, M. (2003). Changes in family, fertility behavior and attitudes in Iran. Working Papers in Demography (No. 88). Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University.
5. Abdollahyan, H. (2004). The generations gap in contemporary Iran. WeltTrends, 12, 74-85.
6. Akhavan-Sarraf, A. R., Abzari, M., Nasr Isfahani, A., & Fathi, S. (2016). The impact of generational groups on organizational behavior in Iran. Human Systems Management, 35(3), 175-183.
7. Akhavan-Sarraf, A.-R., Abzari, M., Nasr-Isfahani, A., & Fathi, S. (2017). Generational differences in job engagement: a case study of an industrial organization in Iran. Industrial and Commercial Training, 49(3), 106-115.
8. Angeline, T. (2011). Managing generational diversity at the workplace: Expectations and perceptions of different generations of employees. African Journal of Business Management, 5, 249-255.
9. Aşikuzun, E., & Kildan, A. O. (2014). An examination of the values which the parents of pre-school students want their children to acquire. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3700-3704.
10. Azimi, S., Andonova, Y., & Schewe, C.(2022). Closer together or further apart? Values of hero generations Y and Z during crisis. Young Consumers, 23(2), 179-196. 
11. Barni, D., Alfieri, S., Marta, E., & Rosnati, R. (2013). Overall and unique similarities between parents' values and adolescent or emerging adult children's values. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1135-1141.
12. Burke, P. (2005). History and social theory. UK: Polity Press.
13. Cogin, J. (2012). Are generational differences in work values fact or fiction? Multi-country evidence and implications. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11), 2268-2294.
14. Conger, J. A. (1997). How generational shifts will transform organizational life. In F. Hesselbein, M. Goldsmith, & R. Beckhard (Eds.), The organization of the future(pp. 17–24). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15. Črešnar, R., & Jevšenak, S. (2019). The Millennials' effect: How can their personal values shape the future business environment of industry 4.0? Naše gospodarstvo / Our economy, 65, 57-65.
16. (2019). Leading the social enterprise: Reinvent with a human focus, global human capital trends. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/ro/en/pages/human-capital/articles/2019-deloitte-global-human-capital-trends.html
17. Di Dio, L., Saragovi, C., Koestner, R., & Aubé, J. (1996). Linking personal values to gender. Sex Roles, 34(9), 621-636.
18. Dobewall, H., & Rudnev, M. (2014). Common and unique features of Schwartz's and Inglehart's value theories at the country and individual levels. Cross-Cultural Research, 48(1), 45-77.
19. Egri, C. P., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Generation cohorts and personal values: A comparison of China and the United States. Organization Science, 15(2), 210-220.
20. Evason, N. (2016). Iranian Culture.The cultural Atlas. Retrieved from https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/iranian-culture
21. Feather, N. T. (1987). Gender differences in values: Implications of the expectancy-value model. In F. Halisch, & J. Kuhl (Eds.), Motivation, Intention, and Volition. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
22. Fischer, R., & Boer, D. (2015). Motivational basis of personality traits: A meta-analysis of value-personality correlations. Journal of Personality, 83(5), 491-510.
23. Fischer, R., & Smith, P. B. (2006). Who cares about justice? The moderating effect of values on the link between organisational justice and work behaviour. Applied Psychology, 55(4), 541-562.
24. Fontaine, J. R. J., Poortinga, Y. H., Delbeke, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2008). Structural equivalence of the values domain across cultures: Distinguishing sampling fluctuations from meaningful variation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(4), 345-365.
25. Glass, A. (2007). Understanding generational differences for competitive success. Industrial and Commercial Training, 39(2), 98-103. 
26. Hosseini, H., & Geravand, M. (2013). Measurement of factors affecting the gap of women’s behavior and attitude on appropriate age of marriage in the city of koohdasht. Woman in Development and Politics (Women's Research), 11(1), 101-118.
27. Hosseini, H., & Geravand, M. (2013). Measurement of factors affecting the gap of women’s behavior and attitude on appropriate age of marriage in the city of Koohdasht. Woman in Development and Politics (wome's Research), 11(1), 101-118.
28. Inglehart, R. (1971). Changing value priorities and European integration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 10(1), 1-36.
29. Inglehart, R. (1971). The silent revolution in Europe: Intergenerational change in post-industrial societies. American Political Science Review, 65(4), 991-1017.
30. Inglehart, R. (2018). Cultural evolution: People's motivations are changing, and reshaping the world. Cambridge University Press.
31. Javidan, M., & Dastmalchian, A. (2003). Culture and leadership in Iran: The land of individual achievers, strong family ties, and powerful elite. Academy of Management Executive, 17, 127-142.
32. Javidan, M., & Dastmalchian, A. (2009). Managerial implications of the GLOBE project: A study of 62 societies. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 47(1), 41-58
33. Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R., & Wiley, J. (2010). Millennials’ (Lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes. Journal of Business Psychology,25, 265–279.
34. Lyons, S. T., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2007). An empirical assessment of generational differences in basic human values. Psychological Reports, 101(2), 339-352.
35. Lyons, S., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005). Are gender differences in basic human values a generational phenomenon? Sex Roles, 53(9-10), 763-778.
36. Marcus, J., Ceylan, S., & Ergin, C. (2017). Not so "Traditional" anymore? Generational shifts on schwartz values in Turkey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(1), 58-74.
37. Moczydłowska J. M. (2020).  Przynależność generacyjna pracowników jako źródło wyzwań dla zarządzania, W: Sopińska Agnieszka, Modliński Artur (red.): Współczesne zarządzanie – koncepcje i wyzwania, Warszawa, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, 275291.
38. Moczydłowska. J. M. (2018). Organizacja inteligentna generacyjnie. Wydawnictwo Difin S.A., Warszawa.
39. Moskvicheva, N., Bordovskaia, N., Dudchenko, Z., & Borisova, E. (2016). Relationship between adolescents' and parents' life values and attitudes toward future profession. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 160-168.
40. Na, E.-Y., & Duckitt, J. (2003). Value consensus and diversity between generations and genders. Social Indicators Research, 62(1), 411-435.
41. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
42. Roccas, S., & McCauley, C. (2004). Values and emotions in the relational models. In N. Haslam (Ed.), Relational models theory: A Contemporary Overview. London: Routledge.
43. Rokeach, S. J. (1973). Values and violence: A test of the subculture of violence thesis. American Sociological Review, 38(6), 736-749.
44. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advance in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(1), 1-65.
45. Schwartz, S. H. (2006). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. Comparative Sociology, 5(2-3), 137-182.
46. Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 268-290.
47. Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92-116.
48. Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2010). Basic personal values, core political values, and voting: A longitudinal analysis. Political Psychology, 31(3), 421-452.
49. Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 519-542.
50. Smith, J.W. and Clurman, A. 1997. Rocking the ages: The Yankelovich report on generational marketing. New York: Harper Collins.  
51. Smola, K., & Sutton, C. D. (2002). Generational differences: Revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(4), 363-382.
52. Sortheix, F. M., & Lönnqvist, J.-E. (2014). Personal value priorities and life satisfaction in Europe: The moderating role of socioeconomic development. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2), 282-299.
53. Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America's future, 1584 to 2069(Vol. 538). New York: Quill
54. Tulgan, B. (1997, Summer). Generation X: Slackers? Or the workforce of the future? Employment relations today(pp. 55–64). New York: Wiley.
55. Tulviste, T., & Tamm, A. (2014). Brief report: Value priorities of early adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 37(5), 525-529.
56. Tulviste, T., Kall, K., & Rämmer, A. (2017). Value priorities of younger and older adults in seven european countries. Social Indicators Research, 133(3), 931-942.
57. Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 201-210.
58. Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Freeman, E. C. (2012). Generational differences in young adults' life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966–2009. Journal of personality and social psychology, 102(5), 1045-1062.
59. Vauclair, C.-M., Fischer, R., Ferreira, M. C., Guerra, V., Hößler, U., Karabati, S., ..., & Spieß, E. (2015). What kinds of value motives guide people in their moral attitudes? The role of personal and prescriptive values at the culture level and individual level. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(2), 211-228.
60. Verplanken, B., & Holland, R. W. (2002). Motivated decision making: Effects of activation and self-centrality of values on choices and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 434-447.
61. Wieczorkowska, G. (2022).  Zarządzanie ludźmi: optyka metodologiczna i psychologiczna. Fragmenty dostępne na: https:// blogspot.com/? zx=1b8a2fd9daafd0eb
62. Wilczyńska, K. (2022).  Trafność stereotypów generacyjnych. [Niepublikowana rozprawa doktorska, Wydział Zarządzania UW].
63. Wolff, A., Ratner, P., Robinson, S., Oliffe, J., & McGillis Hall, L. (2010). Beyond generational differences: a literature review of the impact of relational diversity on nurses' attitudes and work. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 948-969.