Local Model of Social Entrepreneurship in Iran

Document Type : *

Authors

• Homa Kalalian Moghaddam ¹
• Yaghoub Maharati ²
• Majid Ashrafi ³
• Alireza Khorakian ²

¹ PhD Candidate in Entrepreneurship, Ali Abad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ali Abad Katoul, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Management Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³ Department of Accounting, Ali Abad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ali Abad Katoul, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/social.2021.59293.0

Abstract

This is an interpretive study, which uses grounded theory with Glaserian or emergent approach. It counts the components of social entrepreneurship in Iran and designs a localized model. The research population was social entrepreneurship experts and founders of social companies. Through purposive sampling, 19 participants were selected and in-depth interviews were conducted with them. In order to analyze the data, MAXQDA was used and open, selective, and theoretical coding processes were performed. After analyzing the coding process and continuously comparing the codes with the original data, 35 concepts were extracted. Four criteria of trustworthiness, transformability, dependability, and confirmability were used to evaluate the strength of the research. In this model the followings were identified as the central category of social value creation process: causes (needs, problems, challenges, social and environmental crises, and the existence of social opportunities), correlated factors or covariances (individual and social motivations, prosocial factors, individual entrepreneurial knowledge, educational background, previous knowledge and experience, family factors, personality dimensions, and role patterns), contingencies or moderating factors (entrepreneurial and organizational  skills, capital infrastructure, different types of organization, convergence of support institutions, team and networking, having a business model, training and research centers, mentors and growth centers, solving problems of social entrepreneurs), mediating conditions (legitimacy of social entrepreneurship, stability and comprehensiveness, attractiveness of social entrepreneurship activities), consequences (creating values, and spiritual, social, and economic), context or environment (socio-cultural factors, geographical factors, political factors, economic factors, laws and policies, media). This study provides new perspectives and valuable insights on social entrepreneurship for future researchers, Iranian social entrepreneurs, policy makers, and decision makers in this field.  

Keywords

• Social Entrepreneurs
• Local Social Entrepreneurship
• Social Value Creation Process
• Grounded Theory
• Glaser

20.1001.1.20081383.1400.18.1.4.8

References

1. ابطحی، س. ح.، شریف‌زاده، ف.، و ابراهیم‌پور، ح. (1389).بررسی مفاهیم، نظریه‌ها و مدل‌های کارآفرینی اجتماعی و ارائه مدل مفهومی، مجله مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، 28(21)، 112- 87..
2. دانایی‌فرد، ح.، و کاظمی، س. ح. (1389). ارتقای پژوهش‌های تفسیری در سازمان: مروری بر مبانی فلسفی و فرایند اجرای روش پدیدارنگاری. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت بهبود و تحول، 61، 147-121.
3. رضائی، ر.، صفا، ل.، و صفری، پ. (1391). بررسی مؤلفه‌های کارآفرینی اجتماعی در تعاونی‌های توسعه روستایی شهرستان زنجان بر مبنای مدل معادلات ساختاری (مورد مطالعه: تعاونی نیک پی). کنفرانس ملی کارآفرینی و مدیریت کسب‌وکارهای دانش بنیان.
4. میگون‌پوری، م.، و میگون‌پوری، ا. (1392). مفهوم‌پردازی فرایند شکل‌گیری کارآفرینی اجتماعی در سازمان بهزیستی. همایش ملی دانشگاه کارآفرین، صنعت دانش محور، بابلسر، بازیابی از https://civilica.com/doc/217821
5. Abdou, E., Fahmy, A., Greenwald, D., & Nelson, J. (2010). Social entrepreneurship in the Middle East: Toward sustainable development for the next generation. Wolfensohn Center for Development, The Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper, 10.
6. Ali, B., & Darko, E. (2015). Grants, incubators and innovation: A snapshot of social enterprise activity in Pakistan. London: Overseas Development Institute.
7. (2010). Facts. Retrieved from http:// www. ashoka. org/ facts accessed 01.07.2010.
8. Austin, J. E., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1-22.
9. Brock, D. D., & Steiner, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: Be the Change. Social Entrepreneurship Program, 9, 1-27.
10. Corner, P. D., & Ho, M. (2010). How opportunities develop in social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(4), 635-659.
11. Dees, J. G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Retrieved from http:// fntc. info/ files/ documents/ The %20 meaning %20 of %20 Social %20 Entreneurship. pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2008
12. Dees, J. G., Emerson, J., & Economy, P. (2001). Enterprising nonprofits: A toolkit for social entrepreneurs. New York: Wiley.
13. Dorado, S. (2006). Social entrepreneurial ventures: different values ​​so different process of creation, no? Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 319-343.
14. Drucker, P. F. (1986). Innovation and entrepreneurial: Practice and principles. Personnel strategies and productivity improvement (pp. 105-109). Taylor & Francis, Ltd
15. Drucker, P. F. (1992). The changed world economy. The Culture and Power of Knowledge, 1, 257-277.
16. Duke University. (2008). Developing the field of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship Duke University, The Fuqua School of Business.Retrieved from: https:// community-wealth. org
17. Elkington, J., & Hartigan, P. (2008). The power of unreasonable people: How social entrepreneurs create markets that change the world. Harvard Business Press.
18. Florin, J., & Schmidt, E. (2011). Creating shared value in the hybrid venture arena: A business model innovation perspective. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 165-197.
19. Germak, A. J. (2013). Social entrepreneurship motivation: A quantitative analysis of nascent social entrepreneurs. 4th EMES International Research Conference on Social Enterprise, Belgium, Liege.
20. Glaser, B. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, Calif.: Sociology Press.
21. Glaser, B. G., & Hon. (2005). Staying open: The use of theoretical codes in grounded theory. The Grounded Theory Review, 5(1), 1-20.
22. Kang, M. (2015). Thesis social entrepreneurship in China: models, dynamics, challenges and opportunities. Management Review, 2(2), 22-27.
23. Kickul, J., & Lyons, TS (2012). Understanding social entrepreneurship: The relentless pursuit of mission in an ever changing world. London: Routledge.
24. Kramer, M. (2005). Measuring innovation: Evaluation in the field of social entrepreneurship, skoll foundation / foundation strategy group. Retrieved from Skollfoundation. Org/ media/ skoll _ docs/ Measuring %20 In novation 20
25. Kupolokun, O. (2015). For-profit social entrepreneurship: A study of resources, challenges, and competencies in UK(Doctoral dissertation). University of London, Goldsmiths.
26. Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur(No. 25). Demos.
27. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publication, London, England.
28. Mair, J. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: taking stock and looking ahead.
29. Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world business, 41(1), 36-44.
30. Nicholls, A. (2006). Introduction. In A. Nicholls (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship, new models of sustainable social change. New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Nicolopoulou, K., Karataş‐Özkan, M., Vas, C., & Nouman, M. (2017). An incubation perspective on social innovation: the London Hub–a social incubator. R&D Management, 47(3), 368-384.
32. Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of world business, 41(1), 56-65.
33. Perrini, F., & Vurro, C. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: innovation and social change across theory and practice. In J. Mair, J. A. Robinson & K. Hockerts (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship (pp. 57-85). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
34. Rametse, N., & Shah, H. (2012). Investigating social entrepreneurship in developing Retrieved from https:// papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/ papers.cfm? abstract_id=2176557
35. Sansone, G., Andreotti, P., Colombelli, A., & Landoni, P. (2020). Are social incubators different from other incubators? Evidence from Italy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,  158, 120132.
36. Sarif, M., Sarwar, A., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Practice of social entre preneurship among the Muslim entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(11), 1463-1470.
37. Singh, A. (2016). The process of social value creation: A multiple-case study on social entrepreneurship in India. London: Springer.
38. Volkmann, C. K., Tokarski, K. O., & Ernst, K. (2012). Social entrepreneurship and social business (eBook). doi: 10.1007/978-3-8349-7093-0
39. Weerawardena, , & Mort, GS (2006).Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 21-35.
40. Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship—conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165-184.
41. Yujuico, E. (2008). Connecting the dots in social entrepreneurship through the capabilities approach. Socio-Economic Review, 6(3), 493-513.
42. Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., & Shulman, J. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519-532.