The Mental Typology of Women Regarding Barriers to Their Presence in Stadiums as Spectators Using the Q Method

Document Type : *

Authors

• Hadi Razeghi Maleh ¹
• Mohammad Ganji ²
• Seyedeh Sabah Motevalian ¹

¹ PhD Candidate in Sociology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

² Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/social.2023.79708.1261

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to identify mental models and patterns regarding the presence of women in stadiums as spectators. To this end, the Q method was used. To develop a Q discourse, six experts of sport sociology, social issues, and the sociology of women and gender were interviewed. Moreover, 16 women interested in their presence in stadiums were also interviewed. Then, documents and additional information regarding issues related to the research were investigated. After setting the Q cards in order to sort them, 115 ladies interested in their presence in stadiums were selected using purposeful sampling. The participants were asked to show their agreement or disagreement by arranging the 51 sentences, the rewrite, and the category in the form of a Q chart on an eleven-degree range. The results of the Q-factor analysis showed that the participants’ mental typologies regarding barriers to the presence of women in stadiums as spectators were grouped into five categories. In other words, there were five perspectives or mental patterns about the barriers to female presence in the stadiums, including social barriers, political barriers, structural barriers, religious and cultural barriers, and gender barriers in Iran.

Keywords

• Mental Typology
• Barriers to the Presence of Women in Stadiums
• Sociology of Sport
• Q Method
• Subjectivity

20.1001.1.20081383.1401.19.3.6.1

References

1. پناهی، م. ح.، و صداقت‌زادگان اصفهانی، ش. (1391). منابع قدرت و تفسیر ایدئولوژیک قواعد ورزش بانوان. زن در توسعه و سیاست، 10(1)، 22-5.
2. خوشگویان­‌فرد، ع. (1386). روش‌­شناسی کیو. تهران: انتشارات مرکز تحقیقات صدا و سیما.
3. شادی طلب، ژ. (1380). زنان ایران مطالبات و انتظارات. نامه علوم اجتماعی، 18(18)، 62-31.
4. قراخانلو، ر.، و نیسیان، ف. (1386). بررسی نگرش اقشار مختلف درباره حضور تماشاچیان زن در میدان‌ها و رقابت‌های ورزشی مردان. پژوهش در علوم ورزشی، 5(17)، 50-33.

 

5. Battista, R. R. (1990). Personal meaning: Attraction to sports participation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(3), 1003–1009.
6. Brown, S. R. (1996). Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6(4), 561-567.
7. Brustad, R. J. (1988). Affective outcomes in competitive youth sport: The influence of intrapersonal and socialization factors. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(3), 307–321.
8. Corr, S. (2001). An introduction to Q Methodology: A research technique. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 4(6), 293-297.
9. Cote, J. (1999). The influence of family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417.
10. Donner, J. (2001). Using Q-sort in participatory processes: An introduction to the methodology. Social Development Paper, 36(4), 24-49.
11. Holland, A., & Andre, T. (1994). Athletic participation and the social status of adolescent males and females. Youth & Society, 25(3), 388–407.
12. Maykut, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994). Beginning qualitative research: A Philosophic and practical guide. London: The Falmer Press.
13. McKeown, B. F., & Thomas, D. (1988). Q methodology. Sage Publication, Inc.
14. Scanlan, T. K., & Lewthwaite, R. (1986). Social psychological aspects of competition for male youth sport participants IV: Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), 25–35.
15. D. R., & Wittes. E. (2006). Women’s precollege sports participation, enjoyment of sports, and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 55(3), 225-232.
16. Snyder, E. E., & Spreitzer, E. (1979). Orientations toward sport: Intrinsic, normative, and extrinsic. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(2), 170–175.