Informal Social Networks Support and Leisure Satisfaction of Married Employed Women in Ardabil

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

• Khadije Safiri
• Susan Bastani
• Leila Ghorani Damdabaja

Alzahra University

https://doi.org/10.22067/jss.v12i2.30363

Abstract

Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Leisure phenomenon is an organized practice and one of the indicators of quality of life and well-being in human societies, especially in modern societies” (Farhoodi, Habibi, Hataminezhad, Jafari, & Salarvandian, 2011). According to Fakouhi (2013), the most important function of recreation is helping to reproduce life in its healthy and unpathological dimensions. “Leisure along with its associated issues is one of the most important issues of the world” (Hosseini, Rahimi, Ajorloo, Majidi, & Roozbehani, 2006, p. 18). Hereon, “women’s leisure is especially significant due to sensitivities which reside in their social life and societies” (Farhoody et al., 2011, p. 87). The issue of women’s leisure satisfaction needs to be scrutinized due to different interpretations of women's affairs. The importance of this issue becomes more pronounced in relation to married employed women whose working outside the home has not influenced their duties at home and also in relation to the efficiency of the organization in which they work. There are numerous factors which influence the peoples’ choice in how to spend their leisure time and how much to be satisfied of their leisure: the first category is linked to individual factors. The second category is related to the environment and conditions in which the person lives. For example, social context that person is part of that, education and cultural factors. The third category refers to available situations and services for people such as resources (supports) and facilities (Ebrahimi & Moslemi Petroody, 2010; Kang, 2010). It seems that examining logical relationship among women issue, leisure satisfaction and the existing resources within the networks of persons is one of the major goals about which the researchers, sociologists and officials should care.

2- Theoretical Framework
The Direct Affect Model and the theory of social resources are used to investigate the relationship between social support and strength tie with leisure satisfaction. The direct effect model examines the relationship between two variables, social support and leisure satisfaction, regardless of the level of stress. In addition, according to the assumptions of the theory of social resources, having strong ties with members of the network as well as having access to the existing supports within these networks are effective in the leisure satisfaction.

3- Methodology
The study was carried out using survey method and questionnaire. Statistical population is constituted of all working and married women aged 20-55 years living in Ardabil. Participants were 356 women chosen by multistage cluster sampling. The Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha of 0.69 for leisure satisfaction and 0.73 for social support shows face validity of these variables and appropriate reliability of the tests.

4- Results & Discussion
Based on the results of the regression analysis and multiple correlation coefficient the variables of socioeconomic status, strength ties and informal social networks support have an extraordinary impact on the explanatory variables (leisure satisfaction). These variables' rate (r = 0.447) correlated with the dependent variable. The coefficient of determination (R2) result also shows that 0.20 of changes in the leisure satisfaction of married employed women, is the function of the independent variables.

5- Suggestions
The findings indicate that the effect of social support is higher compared with other variables and this indicates that the exchange of social support should be considered in all aspects of life to improve the well-being and quality of people's life. It is essential for both officials and the people to consider providing support for married employed women in the area of leisure to improve and increase their beneficial effects on family members as well as increase in their efficiency in the organization. In addition, it is needed to encourage people in exchanging support in this scope.

Keywords

• Informal social networks
• Social Support
• leisure satisfaction

References

1. ابراهیمی، ق.ع و مسلمی‌پطرودی، ر. (1390). اوقات فراغت، سرمایۀ فرهنگی و زنان (مطالعۀ موردی زنان شهرستان جویبار). زن در توسعه و سیاست، 9 (4)، 91- 73.

2. تندنویس، ف. (1380). جایگاه ورزش در اوقات فراغت زنان ایرانی. حرکت، 12 (12)، 104- 87.

3. حسینی، ا و دودمان‌فیروزسالاری، س. (1389). نقش حمایت اجتماعی در میزان سلامت روان کارمندان جوان شهرداری تهران. برنامه‌ریزی رفاه و توسعۀ اجتماعی، 2 (3)، 144-111.

4. حسینی، م.، رحیمی، ل.، آجرلو، ز.، مجیدی، ز. و روزبهانی، ن. (1385). بررسی چگونگی گذران اوقات فراغت در بین زنان منطقۀ تحت پوشش پایگاه تحقیقات جمعیتی دکتر محمد قریب شهر اراک در سال 1384. مجلّۀ علمی‌پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک (ره آورد دانش). ویژه‌نامۀ تحقیقات جمعیتی، (9)، 210-175.

5. ربانی، ر. و شیری، ح. (1388). اوقات فراغت و هویت اجتماعی بررسی جامعه‌شناختی الگوهای گذران اوقات فراغت جوانان در تهران. فصل‌نامۀ تحقیقات فرهنگی، 2 (8)، 242- 209.

6. زیارتی، ش. و طوبی، ژ. (1355). تأثیر شهر محل اقامت در میزان رضایت از فعالیت‌های اوقات فراغت، افراد تحصیل کرده (لیسانس و بالاتر) شاغل در چهار مرکز صنعتی اراک و تبریز. نامۀ علوم اجتماعی،2 (5). 70- 59.

7. سفیری، خ. و قرانی‌دامداباجا، ل. (1391). حمایت شبکه‌های اجتماعی و رضایت از زندگی زنان متأهل شهر اردبیل. فصل‌نامۀ انجمن ایرانی مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات. 8 (26). 76-51.

8. سفیری، خ و مدیری، ف. (1390). فراتحلیل مطالعات عوامل اثرگذار بر اوقات فراغت. مطالعات جامعه‌شناختی، 18 (38)، 166-145.

9. فرهودی، ر.، حبیبی، ل.، حاتمی‌نژاد، ح.، جعفری مهرآبادی، م. و سالاروندیان، ف. (1390). فضاهای ویژه و مشارکت زنان در فعالیت‌های فراغتی، فصل‌نامۀ مطالعات گردشگری، 7 (15)، 109-85.

10. فکوهی، ن. و انصاری‌مهابادی، ف. (1382). اوقات فراغت و شکل‌گیری شخصیت فرهنگی (نمونۀ موردی دو دبیرستان دخترانه شهر تهران). نامۀ انسان‌شناسی، 1 (4)، 89-68.

11. منادی، م. (1386). اوقات فراغت و چالش‌های جهانی‌شدن: مقایسۀ دو نسل. فصل‌نامۀ انجمن ایرانی مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات، 3 (8)، 165-131.

12. اندیشه، س. (1392). گفت‌و‌گو با ناصر فکوهی: تفریح و آسیب‌شناسی آن. انسان‌شناسی و فرهنگ، (1). بازیا‌بی در 31 فروردین. www.anthropology.ir/node/17484).

13. Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp.67–100). New York, NY: Springer.

14. Elliott, T. R., & Shewchuk, R. M. (1995). Social Support and Leisure Activities Following Sever Physical Disability: Testing the Mediating Effects of Depression. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16(4), 471-487.

15. Holland, S. M. (1985). Components of leisure satisfaction: Generic, activity inherent and individual idiosyncratic factors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A & M University, College Station, United States.

16. Kang. K. H. (2009). Effect of perceived social support on leisure satisfaction for parents who have children with disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 17(4), 91-107.

17. Kang. K. H. (2010). Effect of Leisure Constraints and Perceived Social Support on Leisure Satisfaction among Male High School Students. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 49(1) 331-339.

18. Lioyd, C., King, R., Lampe, J., & McDougall, S. (2001). The leisure satisfaction of people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25(2), 107.113

19. Pearson, Q. M. (1998). Job satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, and psychological health. The Career Development Quarterly, 46(4), 416-426.

20. Pittaway, E. D. (1990). Leisure lifestyle and perceived social support of older adults in a rural environment (Doctoral dissertation, Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario, Canada). Retrieved from http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1199&context=etd.

21. Robinson, J. A. (2003). Perceived Freedom and Leisure Satisfaction in Mothers with Preschool-Aged Children (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio University, United States.

22. Saint Onge, J. M. (2008). Race/ethnic and gender differences in depression: The role of social support and leisure time physical activity. Retrieved from http://paa2009.princeton.edu/papers/90902

23. van Leeuwen, C., Post, M. W., van Asbeck, F. W., van der Woude, L. H., de Groot, S., & Lindeman, E. (2010). Social support and life satisfaction in spinal cord injury during and up to one year after inpatient rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(3), 265-271.

24. Wu. C. H. (2010). The relationships among leisure participation, leisure satisfaction, and emotional intelligence among elementary school teachers in Northern Taiwan (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Incarnate Word, Texas, United States.