Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of social sciences

Choosing the right wife is most significant decision that impacts all other issues of life. Considering the significance of marriage, the consistency, and strength of family, this study was done to explore the relationship between spouse choosing criteria and positive feelings towards spouse, considering the mediating role of senses of unity and flexibility of family. All teachers of Zahedan consisted the statistical population of the descriptive-analytical study. The sample included 258 people, using multi-stage cluster method and Cochran's formula. A questionnaire on prioritizing the criteria for choosing spouse, feeling positive towards the spouse, and feeling unity and flexibility of family was used to collect data. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling were applied for analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses. The results showed that family unity with a coefficient of -0.241 and flexibility of family with a coefficient of -0.203 have mediating role among choosing spouse and positive feelings towards spouse criteria (p<0.05). As the predictive coefficients are more than 0.5, the model has a high predictive power; therefore, the results of the correlation analysis confirm the positive and significant correlation between choosing spouse criteria and positive feeling towards the spouse, with the mediating role of the sense of unity and flexibility of family.

The increasing use of social networks by teenagers on the one hand and the increasing growth of cultural diversity and as a result of this, and the development of ethnic and cultural empathy in the cyberspace on the other hand have developed behavioral challenges such as bullying in this space. It is important to know to what extent bullying is due to personality or it is affected by the sympathetic atmosphere. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of ethno-cultural empathy on cyberbullying with the moderating role of personality traits among teenagers. The method of the present research is correlation. The statistical population of this research included all the girls' students of secondary level of high school in Isfahan city in the school year of 2020-2021. Due to the unknown number of cyberspace users, 380 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's unknown community formula and convenience sampling. Data were collected through Wang et al.'s (2003) Standard Ethnic Cultural Empathy Questionnaire, Menesini, Nocentini, and Calussi’ (2011) Cyberbullying Questionnaire, and McCray and Costa’s (1985) Short Form of Personality Traits. Data validity was confirmed through face and content validity; Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to confirm reliability. Inferential level analysis of data was done using structural equation modeling using AMOS software. The results of the analysis showed that ethnic and cultural empathy reduces cyberbullying. Neuroticism and extraversion increase cyberbullying while other traits such as flexibility, conscientiousness, and pleasantness continue to have a negative effect. Generally, cultural-ethnic empathy has a greater effect on reducing bullying, but this effect diminishes with the moderating role of personality traits.

Surviving the current conditions of severe environmental changes is achievable through expanding organizational resilience, which has a significant role in the organizational performance improvement. This study aimed to identify dimensions and criteria of performance in organizational level, using organizational resilience approach and the theory of strategic reference points for Khorasan Regional Electricity Company. Accordingly, thematic analysis method was used. The sample of the research encompasses 13 experts using purposive sampling. Data gathering tool was semi-structured interview, continued to theoretical saturation. According to findings, dimensions and criteria of performance with organizational resilience approach were identified in 9 dimensions and 30 criteria. They involve communication with stakeholders dimension including “interaction with Tavanir and Iran Grid Management companies (IGMC), Electric Energy Generation and Distribution companies, contractors and suppliers, subscribers, provincial organizations and institutions”, the dimension of human, technical and financial resources capabilities including “employee motivation, staff development and empowerment, acceptance of change, technical and financial resources capacity”, leadership and management dimension including “management competency, support and commitment of senior managers, leadership style and management methods”, adaptability dimension including “risk, crisis and security management”, infrastructure and technological capacity dimension including “infrastructure, information technology”, organizational capital readiness dimension including “organizational processes, organizational culture, administrative health, organizational structure”, innovation dimension including “creativity and absorption of innovation capacity, applying innovation”, knowledge capabilities dimension including “knowledge creation and acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge retention” and finally, the strategic approach dimension including “systems approach, scenario planning, long-term planning, environmental monitoring and analysis” which were categorized by experts based on two strategic reference points including inner-outer consideration focus as well as outcome-process control.

An important function of education is the socialization of students, which has been done in the school environment before the Covid-19 pandemics, but with the spread of the virus and the emergence of virtual learning, the socialization of students faced challenges. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges of students' socialization during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a qualitative study using thematic analysis approach which was conducted in December 2021 in public schools of Tabas city, southern Khorasan province, Iran. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Semi-structured interviews werd done with 14 parents, 16 students and 6 teachers. The findings of the research showed that the authority of the school in the issue of socialization has reached the minimum possible. Meanwhile, due to the virtual learning, the media has become the main tool of socialization. The constructed themes related to the issue of socialization are: the informalization of education rituals, the reduction of teacher's authority, the harms of virtual space, the weakness of supervision and multifaceted conflicts. The conceptual model shows unintended deschooling in the issue of socialization. Paying attention to the post-Corona era and related educational changes is a serious policy-making necessity of the relevant ministry. Cultivating the correct use of virtual space, removing software limitations and developing educational software to facilitate the educational process, along with updating teachers' media literacy and developing their professional ethics, are the priorities of education in order to maintain the authority of teachers and promotion of students socialization.

Tendency to drugs among young people is considered one of the harms and social problems in all countries, including Afghanistan. According to the general condition of Afghan society and especially the unsuitable economic, cultural, recreational conditions in Kabul City, young people are more exposed to drug addiction than other age groups. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective social factors of the tendency to use drugs among the youth of Kabul City. This study was done through explanatory, descriptive, analytical and survey methods. The statistical population of this study was the young people between 18 and 35 in Kabul City who are users of social networks and the Internet. A total of 251 questionnaires were completed from among the statistical community. The result of this study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between not having facilitating opportunities for free time, feeling insecure, having bad/harmful friends, abnormality and normalization of drug use in Kabul City and family problems. Also, income, employment and literacy are influential in the tendency of young people to drugs. However, age, marital status, household size, residential status, addiction of a family member had no significant relationship with drug tendency. Therefore, it was concluded that drug tendency has been influenced by various social factors. Public and private institutions and organizations can reduce the tendency to use drugs among young people by facilitating and providing education, awareness, recreation-entertainment, employment and reducing insecurity factors.

Becoming a mother has always been one of the main roles of women in Iranian society. In recent decades, however, due to changes in attitudes and increasing options for women's advancement, including education and employment and opportunities for more social presence of women, the maternal experience has changed for some women. Becoming a mother is no longer a mandatory and full-time role for women. They can choose alternative social roles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the maternal experience of women and their policies in playing the role of motherr among women working in senior positions in Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. In order to achieve the goals, a qualitative method with a descriptive phenomenological approach was used. In-depth interview data collection technique and purposeful sampling method were used. A sample of 30 women of 40-55 years old participated in this study. Content analysis was used for analysis of data. The results of the study fall into six categories and 16 subcategories including motherhood as the most important source of identity, maternal choice, redefining motherhood, pregnancy experience as a completely feminine experience, separation from the child and reappearance at work, feeling complete, feeling deprived of maternal pleasure, benefiting from the support of spouse and mother, combining maternal duties with work and paid work, interaction with children from the work environment, interaction and dialogue with the work environment, maximum stress tolerance. It can be concluded that the concept of motherhood has been redefined according to its social situations and cultural changes. In this process, working women face the costs of childbearing and job-maternal role conflicts due to the weakness of family-friendly programs.

The unprecedented increase in the unemployment rate among university graduates on the one hand and the government's inability to hire them on the other hand, indicate that entrepreneurship should be taken into consideration more seriously. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impacts of entrepreneurial spirit on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities identified in social sciences. This research was carried out using a mixed method. Using in-depth interviews with professors and experts of social sciences, 16 entrepreneurial opportunities in social sciences were identified, which, contrary to public opinion, a range of jobs and employment opportunities exist in social sciences and mainly non-governmental sectors that have the ability to become official jobs with the support of the Sociological Association and consultation with the government. Then, a quantitative phase was started in the form of a survey method. The statistical population of the research was determined by sociology PhD students across the country and 121 of them were randomly selected. The research tool is a combination of standard scales and a researcher-made questionnaire, which were determined using construct validity, validity and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha method. The findings of the research show that the entrepreneurial spirit with a coefficient of 0.30 and its dimensions including success-seeking, internal control, risk-taking, creativity and uncertainty tolerance has a significant and positive impact on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. As a result, by identifying work and entrepreneurship opportunities in academic fields and strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit of students as one of the effective factors in exploiting opportunities, it is possible to provide the motivation and necessary conditions for students to get a job.

Adopting a comparative-historical approach, this study examines the impact of Waqf institution on development in Mashhad and the factors that weaken or strengthen this impact in the three historical periods of Timurid, Safavid and Pahlavi. In the theoretical framework, while referring to the theories of functionalism and structuralism, by using the new institutionalist in economic sociology approach, a three-level causal model is presented to examine the factors that weaken or strengthen the impact of waqf institution on development. This model was tested by using narrative analysis, Mills Methods of agreement and dispute at two levels within the case and between the cases. The results indicate that strengthening or weakening the impact of waqf institution on development in Mashhad in the studied periods depend on the institutional environment of waqf, the performance of endowment trustees and endowment trustee organizations in maintaining and developing endowments and intentions and motivations of waqifs. In the Timurid and Safavid periods, due to the existence of an institutional environment supporting waqf, the effective performance of waqf trustees and organizations and strengthening the spiritual motivations of waqifs and further influencing their intentions, the impact of waqf institution on development of Mashhad has also been strengthened, whereas, in the Pahlavi period, due to the lack of an institutional environment supporting the endowment, malfunction of endowment trustees and endowment trustee organizations and weakening the spiritual motivations of the waqifs and reducing the effectiveness of their intentions, this effect has been weakened.

The main purpose of this study was preparing a tool for measuring leadership styles and estimate its validity and reliability for the use and access of researchers in humanities. To achieve this goal, a sample of 320 athletes and sports coaches from Azad universities in Bushehr province were randomly selected and completed the leadership styles form. The data were analyzed using SPSS21 and Amos21 software. Based on the obtained results, the second-order factor analysis method using the measurement model shows the five-component structure of the leadership styles scale in the studied sample. The results of factor analysis show that five main factors have value greater than one and explain a total of 40.14% of the variance of the scale scores. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor model for measuring leadership styles show that this concept consists of these aspects: education, authoritarian, democracy, and social feedback. The adaptive and parsimonious indices calculated to evaluate the generality of the factor model show that the comparative fit index CFI is 0.845, the parsimonious comparative fit index PCFI is 0.717, the root mean square residual index or RMSEA is 0.049, the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom of CMIN/DF is 1.815, which shows the overall improvement of the model. In total, the collected data can support the model. This result is logical and correct based on the theoretical framework.

The study aimed mainly to explore the factors impacting on the order in families based on social ethics. It as well tried to provide suitable suggestions, considering the current conditions of Iranian society and families. The qualitative study used a meta-synthesis method. First, using a meta-synthesis method, indicators were extracted from previous articles.  Out of the 280 articles obtained, 32 articles were used to investigate the effective factors in the order of the family based on social ethics. Then, through categorizing the indicators and running Shannon entropy, the plan was analyzed, the main indicators were identified, and the significance of all indicators was determined. MaxQDA was used for analyzing the data obtained in qualitative phase. Using meta-synthesis method, seven main categories and 56 subcategories (codes) were extracted from previous articles. The main categories are: respect and value, family vitality, family rules, livelihood provision, education, commitment, mutual trust and altruism. One can say that among the main positive and remarkable consequences of implementing social ethics in the order of families are such issues as not knowing helping the poor as a beg-cherishing act, knowing helping as duty, interest in charity, volunteering help in crises, and not ignoring the problems of other family members.

In recent years, Iran's agricultural sector has been exposed to various environmental crises and risks, which have had deep and irreparable impacts on the structure of villages. The role of social and cultural contexts in the emergence of these crises and risks cannot be ignored in the formation of attitudes, values ​​and behaviors that create these risks in the agricultural field. The purpose of this research was to analyze the ecological habitus of farmers in Azna city and to discover the reasons and contexts of its formation. This research was done using qualitative method and grounded theory. The research sampling was purposeful and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The number of participants was 33. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. The findings showed that the perceived structural pressures and the double passivity-inefficiency of the government as causal conditions, the equation of inheritance and division, which caused excessive fragmentation of agricultural lands as intervening conditions and the double-edged blade of mechanized cultivation as contextual conditions cause marginalization of ecological habitus. Facing these conditions, farmers choose products attractive in the market, excessive use of chemicals and not leaving the land fallow as a strategy, which results in the water resources crisis, soil erosion and migration. Interventions like legislations, education and paying attention to the traditional and indigenous knowledge of farmers can lead to the improvement of the ecological habitus of farmers and preserve the ecosystem.

Social issues have been increasingly complex and traditional methods unable to solve the issues. Designing a model for social entrepreneurship in NGOs is then a must. This study tried to design a model in charity centers of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. Its statistical population of this applied research is consisted of university faculty members, managers and experts of the Relief Foundation, and activists of social entrepreneurship in Shiraz. Purposive sampling was used to select members of the sample, which continued to saturation and 18 people were selected. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Brown and Clark’s six-step method of theme analysis was used to analyze the data. Being run for three steps of coding, themes were presented. The results showed  that a model for social entrepreneurship in NGOs has 7 overarching themes and 17 organizing themes: flexible structure (pioneering and inclusive), entrepreneurial culture (trustworthy, responsible, and altruistic), social value creating (social empowerment and support), entrepreneurial strategies (cooperation and creation of resources), community-oriented leadership (creative, collaborative, efficient), social service oriented employees (extra-role, interacting and efficient) and creative processes (quick and networked). It is suggested therefore that NGOs, especially charity centers of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, use the proposed model of this research to respond better to social issues.

Rumors spread in critical situations and cause trouble for the society. The Covid-19 pandemic, as a global crisis, also led to various rumors in Iran. This disease started in China in 2019 and spread all over the world in a short period of time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of rumors that have been published during the Covid-19 epidemic in Iran. The research method is qualitative content analysis. For this purpose, the rumors published in ISNA and IRNA from the beginning of the disease outbreak until the official announcement of its vaccine production and injection were identified. First, all the rumors were reviewed, and then the most relevant ones were selected and the content was analyzed using the MaxQda. The published rumors were identified in 9 main categories and 18 sub categories. Nine main groups of rumors were: rumors related to the virus, disease prevention, treatment and control of the disease, mortality rate and dead people, outbreaks and infections, close and reopening of various places, government actions, access to various goods and more rumors. Rumors were spread due to factors such as fear, pessimism, curiosity, wishful thinking, deception, and economy, which had many impacts on people and society. Rumor coping strategies were based on two strategies of denial and retrieval. Based on the general trend of the categories, it can be said that the rumors were not an unusual reaction of the society to the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic. It was a natural reaction to a completely unknown and deadly disease that targeted the physical and mental health of the society.

As the most prominent theorist of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Ali Shariati lived a life which involves many untold aspects to date. His life embraced a considerably vast pubic arena, as he intended. Shariati had an exile-like separation from Mashhad Faculty of Letters and Humanities; subsequently, he settled in Hosseinieh Ershad. These events have been important, yet vague incidents in his life according to his friends and rivals. Using the Grounded Theory and data collected from oral interviews and SAVAK documents, the present study attempts to consider the resulting sensitive keywords as ‘signs’. Next, these signs are used to achieve ‘categories’ and finally, offer a set of ‘classes’ regarding the life of Shariati during such an important stage of his life. This period of his life should be understood under four major classes which include: a) the paperwork regarding the end of Shariati’s presence in the faculty; b) the beginning of his connection to Hosseinieh Ershad; c) lecturing in Hosseinieh Ershad; and d) his retirement from the faculty and the closing of Hosseinieh Ershad.

Nowadays, environmental issues are considered a general and global challenge. Human environmental behavior as one of most important factors influencing the environment has attracted the attention of many philosophers, researchers, and environmentalists. Furthermore, sociologists believe that analysis of environmental issues require sociological studies and social solutions. This quantitative study was done to explain the environmental behaviors of young individuals of Tehran. The method used in this research is survey and questionnaire was used as the tool to collect data. Statistical population includes young individuals of Tehran in the range of 18-35 years old among which 453 people, from different districts of Tehran and considering the level of development of these districts, were selected.  Quota sampling method was used. Data analysis was done in descriptive and inferential levels. Descriptive findings of research indicated relatively desirable conditions of environmental behavior among the participants under study. Inferential findings indicate that independent variables of research (social class, cultural capital, level of religiosity, consumerism, and environmental awareness) totally (26 percent) have the ability to explain the variable variance of environmental behavior among participants. The effect of all independent variables except cultural capital on environmental destructive behavior is statistically significant. Moreover, the effect of social class and environmental awareness on environmental destructive behavior is inverse and the effect of consumerism and level of generosity variables on this variable is direct. Social class variable indirectly, and mediated by level of generosity variable, influences environmental destructive behavior inversely.

Alienation is an important social issues in classical sociology (Durkheim, Max Weber, Marx, Simmel) and the result of disordered and anomic division of work-occupation. Job alienation is the result of organizational-institutional conditions and one of the main obstacles to organizational development and social entrepreneurship. Job alienation means emotional heartbreak, organizational social distance, organizational indifference, job-role conflict, and a decrease in individual’s organizational interest in job division in the organization. This issue causes a decrease in job performance and efficiency, organizational commitment, social indifference, social isolation and decrease in social capital (trust, cohesion, participation). The main goal of this research was to study the causes and effective factors of job alienation (meta-analysis of researches). Quantitative meta-analysis (survey) was used and a non-probability sampling method in the time period of 2004-2021. From the statistical population of 45 documents published on Noormagzs, Magiran, Elmnet and Jihad University database, 37 survey documents (following the inclusion and exclusion criteria) were selected. The results show that there is a significant relationship between contextual factors (level of education = 0.354, income = 0.266, socio-economic base = 0.357, increased service history = 0.339 and age = 0.161), social issues (social trust = 0.292, social participation = 0.181, social support = 0.345, social cohesion = 0.280, organizational justice = 0.269, transformational leadership = 0.385, organizational belonging = 0.429 and organizational culture = 0.335), Job (job security = 0.277, job satisfaction = 0.380, job promotion = 0.251, job stress = 0.217), and cultural factors (increasing awareness and scientific knowledge = 0.273, religious beliefs = 0.352, Islamic work ethics = 0.183) and job alienation. Acoordingly, by strengthening social capital and religious beliefs, creating a favorable business environment, reducing social-cultural disorganization platforms, and creating a stimulating work-organizational environment can reduce the severity of job alienation.

The concept of sexuality plays an important role in the formation of values ​​of the modern world and current Iran. Despite the importance and changes in sexuality, little attention has been paid to this theoretical field. This study is a narrative review of the most important theoretical approaches to sexuality and its essence. The method used in this article is narrative review and has been done in six states; Identifying credible sources, categorizing sexuality theories, selecting and introducing the most cited theories, identifying commonalities and differentiating of theories, synthesis theories based on their commonalities and logical compatibility, and evaluating theories. After investigating the literature, the researchers found that Michel Foucault (1929-1984) is the most important and influential theorist in sexuality. Generally, theoretical approaches to sexuality included “Gay Liberation Theories”, Theories of “Sexuality Constructionism”, “Queer Theories”, and “Transgender Theories”. Regarding the mentioned theoretical approaches, sexuality is defined as a set of values, rules, and social beliefs about sex. Sexuality is social construction, or inherent sexual orientation of individuals. Furthermore, capitalist economic system and its developmental plans have shaped Western sexuality. The sexuality in the modern times resulted in the reproduction control, family-system control and the definition of distinct sexual identities. These consequences, on the one hand, leads to sexual repression and on the other, makes sex the nodal point of modern discourses. After evaluating theories of sexuality, it is understood that the theories proposed after Foucault are an extension of his concepts. These theories have been formed in response to marginal sex/gender groups and issues.

Academic enthusiasm is a kind of psychological investment and direct effort to learn and master the required knowledge and skills. It can also explain the reason of academic failure. Therefore, this study aimed to predict academic enthusiasm based on family performance and academic resilience in primary school students in the academic year 2022-2023. The statistical population of the descriptive and correlational study included all fifth-grade students of Shazand, 232 of them were selected by random sampling method and using Morgan's Karjesi table. To collect data, Shofer's (2002) academic enthusiasm questionnaires, and Samuels’ academic resilience and family functioning questionnaire (FAD) was used. The data were analyzed using the statistical methods of the Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis simultaneously. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between resilience and academic enthusiasm. Moreover, regarding the role of families, there is a significant and direct relationship between academic enthusiasm and the component emotional companionship and relationship. The results of the regression analysis of the two variables of family role and resilience showed that the relationship component of the variable of family role and resilience can explain students’ academic enthusiasm. Since academic enthusiasm can be predicted from family performance and resilience, which is formed by the direct impact of parents’ behavior on students, through educating families we can strengthen this structure as one of the most important and influencing component for students’ success.

Natural resources like oil have an enabling or constraining impact on how societies develop through a variety of mediating pathways. The goal of the study was to investigate the role of mediating social mechanisms in the transmission of the causal effects of natural resources on the development of societies and to ascertain the relative contribution of each of these channels in light of the research gap in the field of mediating social mechanisms. This study was carried out using the panel analysis method with data from 133 countries from 2000 to 2013. The results show that the direct impact of natural resources on development is eliminated by the introduction of transmission channels. This means that natural resources mainly play their causal role indirectly. The results also demonstrated that natural resources affect the development level of societies via the social channels of human capital, institutional quality, and the level of social stability. The most significant social channel through which natural resources influence the development of countries is human capital. The deterioration of the human capital structure is the most significant channel of the unfavorable developmental consequences of the countries that are endowed with or dependent upon natural resources; consequences that can be averted with appropriate policies.

The main purpose of this study was to identify mental models and patterns regarding the presence of women in stadiums as spectators. To this end, the Q method was used. To develop a Q discourse, six experts of sport sociology, social issues, and the sociology of women and gender were interviewed. Moreover, 16 women interested in their presence in stadiums were also interviewed. Then, documents and additional information regarding issues related to the research were investigated. After setting the Q cards in order to sort them, 115 ladies interested in their presence in stadiums were selected using purposeful sampling. The participants were asked to show their agreement or disagreement by arranging the 51 sentences, the rewrite, and the category in the form of a Q chart on an eleven-degree range. The results of the Q-factor analysis showed that the participants’ mental typologies regarding barriers to the presence of women in stadiums as spectators were grouped into five categories. In other words, there were five perspectives or mental patterns about the barriers to female presence in the stadiums, including social barriers, political barriers, structural barriers, religious and cultural barriers, and gender barriers in Iran.

Such issues as authoritative space design, unproductivity of urban management, and the inability of urban space to facilitate the emergence of differences and transfer of meaning lead to the experience of alienation in the daily life of the residents of Tehran. Taking an anthropological and critical approach and applying Henri Lefebvre’s theory of production of space, this research compared class experience of alienation among the residents of Tehran. Alienation was defined as an instrumental relationship against a relationship for its own sake and appropriation against ownership. Space of stock market, Khalij Fars Lake and Khalazir neighborhood were selected as representatives of abstract and concrete spaces as well as Lefebvre’s trialectics of space. Multiple data were collected through observation, photos, personal interviews, previous studies and ethnographies, documentaries, organizational documents, press reports and online survey about every space. The data was coded, categorized, and analyzed interpretatively and inductively through formal, functional, and structural analysis. The study showed that alienation with others, self, labor, urban space, and everyday life, is a common experience between all classes and is related to the spatial order of the city, but it finds different meanings in the center and the periphery and is integrated in the everyday consciousness in a different way. Alienation in relation of production is experienced in the meaningless work, competitive market, and commodification are common experiences on a global scale, while political and cultural alienations depend on the specific characteristics of Tehran. The moments may be liberating at a level of social reality and remain fruitless at a higher level. The diverse manifestations of daily life, along with prohibitions, fears, and gaps, prevent the formation of collective consciousness and, as a result, a collective effort to de-alienation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social determinants of life satisfaction among citizens. uestionnaire was used to collect the data. The statistical population includes all citizens over 18 in Khoy city, and the sample size is 398 people according to Cochran's formula. To explain the problem, the perspectives of psychology, social psychology, and sociology were used, and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. A standard questionnaire was used to measure the variables. Anomie is examined in 5 dimensions and sense of security in 3 dimensions. According to the descriptive findings of the research, the average life satisfaction of citizens is 50.94 (between 20 and 84), anomie is 74.37 (between 32 and 152), social security is 66.14 (between 25 and 111), and hope for the future is 34/43 (between 15 and 59). According to the inferential findings, there is a negative relationship between anomie and life satisfaction (r=-0.623), and there is a positive and significant relationship between hope for the future (r=0.645) and social security (r=0.676) and life satisfaction. Among the dimensions of anomie, the political anomie and among the dimensions of the sense of security, psychological security have the strongest relationship with life satisfaction. The regression results showed that the variables of hope for the future, social security and anomie explain 0.692% of the variance of life satisfaction. The results of the path analysis indicate that the anomia variable with an influence coefficient of 0.617 is the most important and strongest predictor of changes in life satisfaction. This shows that the anomic conditions in the society in its various dimensions can affect citizens’ satisfaction with their living conditions and their sense of security and hope for the future in the society.

Iranian current consumption pattern is far away from the optimal pattern from the point of view of Islamic values. Considering the problems, this study was conducted to identify the underlying cultural factors of Islamic-Iranian lifestyle. Taking a qualitative method and thematic analysis, and conducting semi-structured interview, the study used the ideas of 17 experts of management and planning of cultural affairs and communication sciences (mainly) from Isfahan province. Purposeful sampling and snowball method were used simultaneously to have a desired sample. Theoretical saturation criterion was the decision-making criterion for determining the number of participants. The results determined eight main themes as the most cultural factors affecting Islamic-Iranian lifestyle: 1) cultural assets; 2) interactive factors; 3) family-based examples; 4) religion-based examples; 5) environmental factors; 6) individual factors; 7) cultural examples; and 8) socio-ethical examples. Each of the main themes has some sub-themes. Iranian lifestyle in so many cases is affected by non-Islamic customs and traditions; therefore it seems necessary that policymakers and cultural planners focus on Islamic lifestyle, especially on the issues related to children.

Non-compliance with treatment guidelines is one of the causes of increased mortality in cancer patients. In Iran, few research have examined therapeutic behaviors in these patients. This research aims to understand the socio-economic factors that influence treatment adherence. The study was compiled using a qualitative method and narrative interviews, and it was analyzed using grounded theory and three-stage coding. The statistical sample of the study consists of 21 patients suffering from breast cancer, purposefully chosen using snowball sampling method. After in-depth interviews and multi-stage coding, 36 open-source codes were categorized into 13 core codes, and the selective code “commercialized restrictive structure” was obtained. The findings revealed that patients with an early diagnosis had complete adherence to treatment. Due to metastasis and the rapidity with which the disease progresses, late diagnosis exposes the patient to structural conditions that have a deterrent impact on adherence to treatment. The results showed that a set of socio-economic conditions, in conjunction with medical system conditions, influence the therapeutic behaviors of women suffering breast cancer.

The widespread outbreak of coronavirus caused several behavioral reactions regarding the observance of health instructions and safety behaviors. Doing a survey, this study tried to discover the causes of these reactions. The statistical population included all people over 15. Using convenience sampling 939 people were selected. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Emus software at levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were run to obtain and specify components. In order to validate the pattern of causal relationships between variables, the structural equation model and path analysis were used. The results showed that gender in favor of women, education in lower levels, psychological adjustment in favor of people with less psychological adjustment, and social positivity in favor of positive thinkers, affect directly on the level of adherence to safe behaviors. Moreover, increasing age was effective on adherence to safety behaviors through influencing psychological adjustment, positive attitude towards government performance, and social positivity. Marital status, positive attitude towards the performance of the government and one’s birth state have also an indirect effect on the observance of safety behaviors through the influence on spiritual positivity (due to the influence of the aforementioned variable on social positivity).

Young people, especially university students, are one of the groups that mainly use modern media, including virtual social networks. The introduction and expansion of various virtual social networks among Iranian people and families have affected family as a social institution and has caused changes in the behavior and discourse of the young generation and their attitude towards family values. This study tried to study the role of virtual social networks in students’ tendency towards families’ traditional, modern and postmodern values. The statistical population of this cross-sectional survey includes the students of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University in the academic year of 2021-2022. Using Cochran's formula and a multi-stage cluster sampling method, 384 students were selected as the sample of the study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The research hypotheses were analyzed using mean difference and regression tests. The results showed that the duration of membership in the social networks, the time sparing on the virtual networks, and the users’ trust in the content of virtual social networks are important factors in weak tendency of students towards traditional family values and moving them towards modern and postmodern family values.

This study aimed to perceive the otherness of the disabled in the social context of Iran. The qualitative research was done using thematic analysis and obtained the ideas of sociology professors of Tehran universities. Using snowball sampling and considering data saturation principle, 13 professors were selected as participants. A semi-structured interview was run to collect the data. To determine the reliability of the interviews, they were reviewed by the participants and a supervising person commented on the interviews. Attride-Stirling thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results were categorized under three themes: attitudinal barriers, physical barriers, and institutional barriers. The results showed that the disabled people have been less considered in the Iranian policy and planning system than other groups and minorities of the society. Their problems have not been recognized well, so the Iranian decision-making system needs policies and programs that assure the presence and active participation of the disabled. Without disabled people’ or their representative organizations’ active and equal participation, all development strategies and programs maintain the discrimination against disabled people. For the policies and programs to be effective, they should consider common cultural beliefs on disability in Iran. If we desire to take steps and solve the problem, the idea “disability as a defect or limitation” should be redefined as a unique characteristic of the disabled. Taking into consideration the role of educational institutions in socializing the next generation of citizens, schools can play a vital role in making a more just society, especially through multicultural education. The aim is introducing disability as a kind of cultural diversity, reducing differentiations between different groups, and strengthening intergroup relations.

Given that culture has a variety of functions and its impact on the development and different aspects of human socio-economic life is unjustified, despite its remarkable role in life, it has been marginalized. The major mission of development is the presence of culture in people's daily life. Therefore, this study with a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological approach tried to examine the experiences of Zanjan actors on the cultural contexts of development in Zanjan. Twenty-seven people in Zanjan participated in the study using purposeful sampling and considering theoretical saturation of the data. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview and then were analyzed manually. The average time of each interview was 30-60 minutes. The method of analysis of the interviews was based on seven stages of chlorination method. These steps include reviewing written data, extracting important phrases related to the phenomenon, formulating meanings, placement of formulated meanings inside the clusters, and forming themes, combining the results in the form of description of the study phenomenon, determining the essence of the phenomenon, and validation. The results showed that the cultural fields of development in Zanjan based on the experience of the participants are: the development of social and popular institutions, the sense of belonging to family and ethnicity, facilitating media, realizing social awareness of women’s position in society, and Islamic and Iranian development of collective self-awareness. Therefore, people of Zanjan, along with their accepted traditions, rebuild everyday life according to global factors that select mostly through new resources and contexts such as global media, cyberspace and information and communication technologies as well as local factors.

Environmental ethics plays a determining role in people’s attitude towards the environment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of altruism on environmental behaviors considering three mediating variables: awareness, knowledge, and environmental attitude. Questionnaire was used for the survey to collect the data and the statistical population was all people having academic degree. Appropriate to the statistical population and the aim of the study, all participants were selected. The evaluation criteria was constructing validity and the content.  To measure the reliability of the tool, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and mixed reliability were used. Structural Equation Modeling was used for the analysis of the data. The result indicators shows that the research model had a good fit. The results showed that the attitude of those who are more altruistic, when benefiting from environmental knowledge and awareness, change and show more environmental behaviors than people who are less altruistic. Moreover, the results showed that altruism, environmental behaviors, attitude and awareness were significantly higher among married people than among the unmarried people and there is no significant difference between these  groups regarding the environmental knowledge. Altruism, environmental behaviors, environmental knowledge, environmental attitude and environmental awareness are seen more among women than among men. Educated people showed that the level of education has no impact upon altruism, but the environmental behaviors, attitudes, awareness and knowledge increase when the level of education increases.

Sexual education has always been approved and emphasized to improve knowledge and change the attitude of people in a society, especially among adolescents and youths. The ability of people to achieve sexual health and manage it depends on such factors: scientific and comprehensive information available about the body and how to properly manage it, maturity, sexual identity and sexual orientation, sexual disorders and paraphilias, as well as living in a context that emphasizes the sexual education and sexual health and promotes them. This study reports the findings of the study of adolescent girls’ narratives of constructed sexual understanding, the need for comprehensive sexual education, and the challenges experienced by them. This research was carried out using grounded theory. The participants were 30 adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 from Isfahan. Participants were selected using purposive and sequential sampling with maximum variation, including snowball and theoretical sampling. The process of sexual understanding in their lived experience was studied with the intensive and narrative interviews technique. Based on the findings of the research, the narrative of the girls can be divided into three main categories: “comprehensive sexual education”, “the construction of the puzzle of sexual understanding”, and “consequences of untimely and incomplete understanding”. The need for sexual education is taken for granted among adolescent girls and it requires special attention in order to improve their knowledge, skills and attitudes at the appropriate age and to reduce the negative consequences caused by lack of knowledge.

Protective laws in the field of public employment and especially women’s employment in Iran has influenced a significant part of women’s employment. This study investigated the challenges of the quality of implementation of the protective laws in the Constitution of Iran by examining the complaints files of working women in Tehran’s cooperative, labor and social welfare departments. The descriptive research was done using content analysis method. Cochran's method was used to determine the sample size. The statistical population includes 63,502 cases related to women’s complaints, of which 380 cases were investigated. The experts are fifteen experts in the field of law who are working in Tehran’s labor, cooperative and social affairs departments and have the necessary knowledge and expertise regarding complaints, the type and actions related to them, the quality of laws, and the effectiveness of complaints. The evaluation criterion here was the status of legal materials, their quality, the type of proceedings, the ability and validity of complaints and petitions, etc. The results showed that the quality related to the implementation of laws is at a low level, and this has caused concealment or neglect of some women’s demands.

Some scholars believe that modernism has given rise to the emergence of new era that is known as the age of communication, which accelerates sharing and spreading of information. As a result, people can be familiar with new ideas and communicate with each other across the world. Due to new social media, some traditional ideas have been declined and replaced by new ones. The ongoing research concentrates on the direct and indirect impacts of social media on women’s tendency to sexual equality. The statistical population of this research is Iranian women over 18. The sample includes 733 people, which were collected by the World Values Survey (WVS) in 2020 (seventh wave).  The results show that, in the first place, social media directly impact on the tendency of Iranian women to sexual equality and accelerate such tendencies. On the other hand, social media indirectly lead Iranian women towards sexual equality via three variables: indifference mediate, unbelief, and right to choose. Thus, these variables both positively and considerably have influenced Iranian women’s sexual equality tendencies. The results showed that all above-mentioned variables join together and are in contact with each other. Although all variables have positive ties with each other, age has a negative relationship with other variables. Regarding age variable, as people become older, the less they use social media. Astonishingly, even their tendency towards sexual equality and post-modernism (mediate variables) decreases. As regards to other variables, unbelief variable has stronger relationship with the tendency to sexual equality and income level has weaker relationship with sexual equality trends.

Supportive action is one of the expressions of warm interaction between people in society, which is done by people having different reasons and motivations and under different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the conditions governing the supportive actions and people’s strategies. In order to achieve the goal, support action and the conditions of its occurrence in different schools of sociology and the opinions of the main experts in this field were reviewed. Then, using the grounded theory, an in-depth interview was conducted with 22 people living in the city of Mashhad, about different experiences of supportive actions and the reasons for doing them.  Since in this research, reaching the maximum diversity of the perspective of the actors was considered, purposeful sampling was used. The main criterion for the selection of participants was experiencing the phenomenon under study. For this purpose, first some indicators such as religious view, age group, education, income, and economic origin were determined so that completely different examples can be considered based on them. The interviews were coded in open, central and selective levels. Finally 35 main categories were identified, which were placed in four categories of conditions (causal, interventional and contextual), action strategies, consequences, and core categories. The results showed that the core category was identified under the title “mixing of pre-modern semantic receptions and modern instrumental patterns in the promotion of support actions”. Another core category was identified as “going from family-oriented, religious, duty-oriented support to community-oriented, duty-oriented support”.

The ethnic electoral behavior researches in Iran have been mainly carried out in places with different ethnicities. Taking a different perspective, this research was conducted in Yasouj which includes a dominant ethnicity and tried to investigate the tribal preference in election behavior and its relationship with tribal identity and traditionalism. The statistical population of the study includes all the citizens who took part in the 11th parliament elections, among of which 406 people were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The research instrument for measuring the variables of traditionalism and tribal identity are two researcher-made questionnaires, which their validity and reliability were determined using the construct validity, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. In order to assess the tribal preference of the respondents, the adaptation of the answers of the participants to their chosen tribe and candidate was used. So, they were divided into two groups with tribal preference and without tribal preference regarding the parliament election. The descriptive findings of the research showed that, 38.6% of participant voted based on the tribal affiliations. On the other hand, the analytical findings using logistic regression analysis revealed that traditionalism and gender increase the probability of tribal preference in electoral behavior, but academic education decreases the tribal preferences regarding the voting behavior. Moreover, the variables of tribal identity, age, marital status, and employment status do not show any statistically significant relationship with the tribal preference in the electoral behavior.

Nowadays, virtual social networks play important roles in couples’ relationships. Since virtual social networks can play an effective role in cultural development and human relations, they have become a serious threat to families due to improper. This qualitative research was conducted using the grounded theory method (Strauss and Corbin’s (2000) approach). Thirteen themes were selected based on 21 clients of the counseling center and specialists of the centers as a targeted and theoretical sampling. Data analysis was done using Atlas.Ti7 software. The results on the consequences of fluid love showed that the more the presence of couples in virtual networks, the more it affects marital disputes, domestic violence, emotional divorce, emotional and sexual diversity and decreased trust, increased misunderstandings and extramarital behaviors. Therefore, based on the model of the formation of fluid love in social networks, it was determined that these categories cause weakening of the family foundation, emotional divorce, extramarital affairs, and reduction of social capital. Moreover, the affecting causal factors are autonomous life, self-love, self-destruction, individualization and proof of identity and disobedience of otherness, and background factors are patriarchy, destruction of morality, livelihood problems, and socio-economic damage to the family. The formation of love is fluid in virtual networks.

This study tried to reread the development policies of Hashemi Rafsanjani’s governments, considering Peter Evans’s communication model of developmental governments. Two main features of developmental governments are reliance on Weberian bureaucracy and the integration of government with civil society. Using quantitative and qualitative content analysis of news headlines of Etela’at Newspaper, as one of the main newspapers of the government from 1989 to 1997 (the eight-year period of the fifth and sixth governments), these features were analyzed. The results showed that over the years, considering the features of a government based on Weberian bureaucracy, a huge portion of interviews, speeches, and news talks of the government are about such issues as human resources development, reforming administrative methods and systems, reforming administrative structures and organizations, and laws and regulations. On the other hand, regarding the integration of the government with the civil society, one cannot find anything about the civil society. The civil society has been replaced with the unorganized groups of people. One cannot find any sign of civil society in this government. The government has relied on people only for the economic development of Iran and for monitoring the administrative reforms. That is, the government has turned to people only to get support and financial aid in order to achieve its economic purposes. According to Evans', this kind of government possesses only one feature of the developmental governments, and has showed somehow incomplete development. Relying only on Weberian bureaucracy and ignoring civil society from 1989 to 1997 make us to see Hashemi’s government a non-developmental government.

Childlessness and one-child style in the world have been deep and significant consequences of rapid fertility decline in the 20th century that has brought several challenges. This study investigated the prevalence of childless and one-child families and the factors affecting them in Tehran city. The statistical population of this survey included the married people of Tehran city, among of which 1273 married men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The analysis was done using SPSS software and binary logistic regression. There have been 2.4% childlessness ideal, 16.5% one-child ideal, 4.1% childlessness intention, and 24.9% one-child intention. The childlessness and one-child ideal and intention are affected by a set of contextual, attitudinal, structural, and marital variables. The childlessness ideal is affected significantly by egalitarian attitudes and decreased feeling of security and childlessness intention is significantly affected by egalitarian attitudes, decreased feeling of security and decreased marital happiness. One-child ideal is significantly more reported among men and young people and people of higher income, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes and a lower feeling of security. One-child intention is reported significantly more among men, young people, people of having higher degrees, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes, and lower feeling of security. Generally, it can be said that childlessness intention and ideal are not common and one-child intention and ideal were more common. Childlessness and one-child intention are more than childlessness and one-child ideal. The attitudinal variables have been more effective than other factors. Taking proper policies will reduce the gap between the intention and the ideal of childbearing and will increase fertility.

Human resources are the main factors of development in every organization. Those are more important in education system, because this institution trains skilled human resources for other organizations. Therefore, education needs interested people to be more effective in the education system. If a society wants to achieve industry and technology development it should pay attention to different occupational groups of the society, especially teachers. Hence the purpose of this study is to reconstruct female teachers’ semantic understanding of their jobs in Babol. Grounded theory was used to conduct the study. The participants in the research were female teachers in Babol (Mazandaran, Iran) in 2021. Through purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people, which continued until the saturation of data. The theoretical implementation and coding of the text of the interviews led to the extraction of eight categories: interest, preservation of human dignity, satisfaction, lack of respect for rights, appropriate feedback, structural problems, values, unchangeable educational system, high social values, low material values. Contrary to popular belief, teachers considered their jobs to be respectable and of high social value, and at the same time dissatisfied with financial issues and lack of facilities and equipment. Accordingly, the core category was “contentious job satisfaction and burnout due to anomic structure”. Due to the emergence of the core category, it is necessary for education managers to implement programs to promote and improve job motivation and a sense of self-efficacy.

Due to the importance of Iran's demographic changes in the past decades, the purpose of this study is to identify the socio-economic factors related to the desire to have children. The current research is a descriptive-analytical research of secondary analysis type and survey method and is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of these data is related to the attitude plan of young people on the verge of marriage towards having children, which was conducted by the Institute of Statistics. For this purpose, 374 people have been selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. They data was analyzed via SPSS 22 software. Data was then analyzed using Linear Regression, Chi-squared test, One-Way Anova. The results showed that about 2.7 percent of people were childless and 33.1 percent of people with one child did not want to have another child. There is a significant difference in the desire to have children in the variables of social support, sex, age, gender preference, and job status, but there is no significant relationship between the desire to have children and social pressure, worry about having children, socio-economic base, place of residence, education, home status and the duration of internet use. Among the variables that have a direct effect on the desire to have children, gender preference and job status have the greatest negative impact, and social support is the only variable that has a positive effect on the desire to have children. In total, the research variables have been able to explain 0.56 percent of the changes in the desire to have children. In order to create the desire to have children and have children, one should pay attention to the role of factors such as social support and women's professional and family life and plan and make policies to strengthen them.

Recent historical changes in Iran have created a generational gap. Younger Iranians appear to be bound by different values, which, if appropriately recognized, will help employees avoid numerous conflicts and challenges and take a good approach to their workplace. It is difficult for people to fulfill their potential while in dispute and conflict. Besides, understanding the values of different generations can lead these organizations to a high degree of job satisfaction, commitment, retention, and creativity. Consequently, human resource management should find a way to nurture human engagements and collaborations by building cohesive multigenerational teams to make the best use of human forces’ abilities of different generations with a wide range of values. This study examines generational differences in human values in Iran to help human resource management takle potential challenges. For this purpose, two empirical studies were conducted. The first one employed 71 Iranian families (238 adult children and parents) to examine generational differences in human values through Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire. The second study focuses on gathering more detailed information by interviewing 125 family members to support the first study’s findings. The first study found generational differences in all values studied except benevolence, with the younger generation favoring power, achievement, and hedonism over conformity and tradition. Generally, the first and second studies’ results matched.

The progress, development and dynamism of societies depend on the forces affecting them. Children and young adults as the future generations and decision makers will become useful and effective people for society if they go properly through the process of socialization. By their presence and activity in various social and economic fields, they will create stability in society. Thus, a society can have pioneers who have invested in the education of their children. The function of socialization is to adapt people with the dominant culture of the society. The transfer and continuation of values that aren’t in line with the economic development of societies shows that socialization hasn’t been successful. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the socialization of consumption among the youth of Tehran. Twenty-three participants of 20 to 35 were selected purposefully for the study. According to the coding process, the central category was “continuity of multiplicity of consumption behavior”. The central category showed that the consuming behavior of the society is not a coherent and integrated one and psychological, economic and socio-cultural causes, contextual conditions (economic and cultural characteristics of the family, sanctions and irresponsibility of the producer and the decreasing influence of parents), and intervening conditions such as social role-modeling and family upbringing style have caused the transfer of different cultural values and patterns to individuals, some of which push the society towards development and others do not. Due to the transfer of these values, it can be said that the function of consumption socialization has been disrupted and it has failed to adapt consumers with the dominant culture of the society and push the society towards development.

Societies in which people are responsible for their civic duties, sacrifice their own interests for the sake of the whole society, and institutionalize a sense of social responsibility will go towards sustainable development faster than other societies. The main goal of this study was to find out the relationship between economic satisfaction and social responsibility of among the employees of South Pars, which was done using a survey method and questionnaire tool. The statistical population consisted the employees of South Pars. To analyze the findings, SPSS software and statistical tests such as correlation, mean comparison, multiple regression and other tests were used. The sample included 400 employees who were selected using stratified random sampling method. The results showed that the average of social responsibility among employees is 83.51, which is lower than the expected average (105), indicating the low responsibility of employees. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of economic satisfaction and their social responsibility (r=0.29). The results of the regression showed that economic satisfaction has an effect (Beta=0.19) on explaining the dependent variable and explained 0.53% of the variance of the social responsibility variable (R²=0.53). The results showed that the average social responsibility of the employees is lower than average. This is exactly what Fayol states that the social responsibility of people in an organization means their compliance with the planned rules and principles, and partially undermines the legal dimension of social responsibility. According to Simmel, social responsibility is a kind of civic duty that helps the welfare of others in the society.

This study aimed to get a grounded theory about the repetition of drug trafficking based on the deepest possible understanding of the activists of the social phenomenon. Different dimensions of recidivism were identified in an interpretative paradigm using a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Prisoners who had already been convicted of drug trafficking, but repeated their crime and been arrested, consisted the population of this research. Using purposive sampling, 34 men and women incarcerated in the central prison of Kerman city were selected. The results included 120 initial codes, 15 axial codes, and four main categories, based on which the recidivism of Kerman prisoners can be interpreted. The categories are: 1) Recidivism as a rational act; 2) Recidivism as a social action; 3) Recidivism as a perfectionist; and 4) Recidivism as an inevitable act. The core category of this research is “repetition of crime as a dead end to compensate for the lost life”, which is related to the causal conditions of individual characteristics, criminal behavior pattern, social class, and women’s disturbance. The issue has formed in the contextual conditions of humiliating behaviors, economic problems, lack of opportunity to reduce crime in stigmatized society, intensified by such issues like perfectionist beliefs and marital relations. Overall, these have intensifyed the identity crisis, social exclusion, and pessimism as consequences.

This study took a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were done with 17 experts, using content analysis. The sampling was done purposefully using snowball method, with the criterion of having executive and operational records or scientific and research records in the fields of marketing and public sports. In the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire on the 5-factor Likert rating scale was distributed among teachers, coaches, and managers who were knowledgeable and active in the field of public sports in the province to confirm the factors identified in the qualitative part of the design and validation. Finally, 341 questionnaires were collected in person and electronically. In order to analyze the data, structural equations using the partial least squares method were used. The results of the qualitative phase included the identification of five main factors (optimization of places, compatibility with beliefs, economic and social requirements, institutions with interests and roles, and public participation) in the development of public sports culture. In the quantitative part, all factor values of the items were greater than 0.4, which indicated the appropriateness of this criterion. Moreover, the t value obtained for all the items is more than 1.96, which indicates the significant impact of all the items at the confidence level of 0.95 on the development of public sports in province. According to the political and geographical conditions of the province, it is suggested that the sports and urban authorities specifically pay attention to the issue of developing the culture of public sports through the development of sports infrastructure, appropriate culture, and the cooperation of the interested institutions. This way, they would provide the infrastructure for a healthy society and the growth of citizens in sports in cultural and social dimensions.

Iran’s urban spaces over the Islamic period can be considered a combination of completely interwoven public and private spaces. Tea-houses as new social places formed a new kind of urban socialization from Safavid period onwards. Taking various functions, the places played a significant role in developing public issues. The places at the beginning had a recreational function, though the function undertook changes as religious context of Iran and its events influenced them, so that they experienced many changes. Exploring the functions of the spaces will provide a view to the study of socio-cultural history of Iran’s society. Such a study requires due attention, investigation, and analysis of all its dimensions affecting the socio-economic and political relations. Taking the issues into consideration, relying on library resources, and applying a descriptive-analytical approach, this study dealt with various functions of tea-houses and their development over Safavid and Qajar periods. The results showed that the recreational-leisure, religious, literary, artistic, and political functions of the places have changed continuously over the periods. The functions are assumed to be abstract and independent, but due to the religious context of Iran and Iranians’ strong religious beliefs over the periods, the functions sometimes have been intermingled. Tea-houses have had positive influences on preserving and spreading national, ethnic, and religious culture and some artistic manifestations of Iran. They, however, have not been void of some mal-functions and increasing social crimes. The mal-functions became more expanded when modernistic elements expanded in Iran society in Qajar era and drastically influenced other functions.

Cultural consumption is a social activity and daily behavior, and culture is produced or fertilized by these actions. Cultural consumption organizes our lifestyle and the shape of our needs and desires, and provides the necessary materials for creating our imaginations and dreams. It shows social differences and distinctions and shows our secondary products in using existing tools. In recent years, considering the importance of cultural consumption in Iran, several studies have been conducted in this regard. Due to the abundance and diversity of research conducted in the field of cultural consumption, a combination of research in this area like a meta-analysis seems to be necessary. The main question of this research is: What are the most important factors affecting cultural consumption research conducted in Iran? Meta-analysis method was used for this study. Population of the study consisted scientific papers on the factors of cultural consumption, published between 2001 and 2021. Comprehensive Meta-analysis software was used to conduct the meta-analysis of articles. The results showed that Socio-Economic Status (SES), cultural capital, age, and social relations, compared to other factors, had more significant impact on cultural consumption in Iran. The results showed that the relationship between SES and cultural consumption in the reviewed studies is positive and at a medium level (effect size=0.37). The relationship between cultural capital and cultural consumption in the studies reviewed is positive and at medium level (effect size=0.32). Results showed that the combined effects of the relationship between age and cultural consumption in the reviewed studies is negative and low (0.26).

Max Weber's sociology cannot be easily placed under both positivism and understanding-interpretation paradigms. Examining Weber's theories shows that his works have many components of critical realism. Critical realism believes that the real world exists independently of human knowledge. The world consists of structures, forces, mechanisms, and events. The world maintains itself through these properties. In the social world, social actions can play the role of causal mechanisms and create outcomes. The causes of actors happen in a specific social situation, and are among the issues that create a phenomenon. In fact, structures activate causal mechanisms in the social context and shape an event. This paradigm uses structure/mechanism/context/event configuration to explain the social world. In this way, it uses a retroduction strategy, and abstract concepts and models. Influenced by neo-Kantians, Weber’s epistemic system differentiates between reality and value. It is a specialized science that examines reality. Social reality is a meaningful phenomenon that can be described by what is called meaning adequacy, and can be explained, which is called causal sufficiency. Weber's strategy is understanding and retroduction strategy. The book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example of a hermeneutic interpretation and a brilliant example of the discovery of the causal mechanism, in which dignified group, the Protestants, through the religious orientation of asceticism and the value of work, were able to shape the capitalist economic spirit willingly and unwillingly

The conflict between husband and wife seems an inseparable component and an inevitable thing in married life, which usually occurs after passing the first passionate period of joint life. Unlike in the past, women as active members of society refer to  counseling centers when conflicts arise to find effective solutions to resolve conflicts, live with less worries, learn how to face problems correctly, strive for family cohesion, and find a way out of it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the genre of experience of women with marital conflict from visiting a family counseling center. This research was carried out using Rogers' person-centered therapy, Chesler's feminist family therapy approach, White and Epstein's narrative therapy, and the typological narrative analysis method in 2021 in a counseling center in Isfahan. The participants in the research were 17 married women with marital conflict who had visited the counseling center. They were were selected using maximum variety method and subjected to narrative interviews. The findings showed that most women's experience of consulting a counselor is narrated in the genre of romance. Based on the issue that women rely on their abilities as heroes of life, they are looking for a solution to resolve marital conflicts and consider going to the counseling center as a part of this inner motivation, whether their efforts lead to solving the problem or not. A group of women who have problems, take the common life lightly and make it possible to continue the common life with skill training. On the other hand, another group who perceive marital conflicts as chronic and do not consider their efforts to continue life fruitful, also experience the divorce. It can be concluded that women's experience of visiting counseling centers is a step towards solving conflicts.

Tourism is one of the global issues that well expresses the combination of economic, social and cultural affairs. This study aimed to investigate the driving factors of the mixed marketing on the desire for shopping among pilgrims and tourists who stay in 3- and 5-star hotels in Mashhad. Different measures of central tendency were used to describe descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for inferential statistics. The number of religious tourists in Mashhad have been reported to be 31,188,664 people, so out of the population, 9,792,252 resided in 3-star hotels and 776,552 resided in 5-star hotels. The sample size was determined 380 participants according to Cochran’s formula. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. In analysis of structural equations, the proposed model for investigating the relationship between marketing stimuli and pilgrims buying behavior presents fit indices. The results showed that mixed marketing factors have an effect on individual factors (occupation, economic status and personality). To change consumers’ buying behavior, as the first priority, psychological factors such as attitude, motivation and purpose of purchase should be taken into consideration and as the second priority, socio-cultural factors such as education, family, and social roles should be considered. The third priority was to simultaneously pay attention to individual factors such as job factors, economic status and personality, and mixed marketing driving factors such as product, price, promotion and distribution in Mashhad. This way, it could impact positively the quality of travel, the image of city as tourist-friendy city, and increase the number and quality of travels.