Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Author

Guilan University

Abstract

Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Since the inception of modern bureaucracy, several theories and paradigms were created to explain the factors affecting the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of human labor. Each of these theories emphasized on the role of different factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of human resources. One of the effective variables on the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of human labor, which has attracted the attention of scientists in recent years, is family wellbeing in family or job performance and occupational health. The new management has found that programs that are designed to strengthen family health and increase job satisfaction and employee empowerment, increase their productivity and job performance, and in turn, improve productivity and performance levels and economic health of organization. Family well-being is defined as emotional, social and economic health of children, parents and families, generally, as well as physical health, mental health, quality of relationships between parents and family members, and also the quality of relationships between parents and children. The researchers showed that the family relation index is strong predictors of quality of occupational life of employees, and there is a mutual relation between the quality of working life and quality of life and relationships among family members. Based on family systems theory and ecological theory about the family, some researchers have indicated that the employee's experience is probably a reflection of the experiences of their families. The aim of this study was to examine the two questions: First, how is the status of family relation index as an indicator of the health of the families of the police? Second, do the police staffs families health influence their job performance?
2- Theoretical Framework
Several theories have emerged about the family well-being and its impact on other spheres of life, including job issues in literature related to the quality of family life. In literature related to the health of the family, three theories are more well-known and useful. These theories include: 1. Human Ecological Systems Theory: this theory leads the different levels of systems that make up probable unit of observation and provides the basic assumptions about the exchanges between human resources and the environment; 2. Resources Theory: this theory guides definition of the content of family life, conceptualize the interpersonal resources of exchanges in family relationships, expand the scales, and interprets the results; and 3. Facet Theory: this theory helps translate theoretical concepts into operational measures, and provides data analysis methods consistent with research purposes.
3. Methodology
This study was a survey and cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 38 police centers in Yazd province in June and July 2013. The population consisted of Yazd police employee's families and their spouses and managers from different units of Yazd police. Using Cochran formula, 300 people (100 employees, 100 spouses of employees, and 100 officials and commanders) were selected. Measuring instruments were Paterson's job performance questionnaire, and Family Relation Index. Data were analyzed using independent t-test comparison of means and Hierarchical multiple regression.
4- Results & Discussion
The results showed that the prevalence rate of deficiency in quality of relation indicator in Yazd selected police families was high. The results showed that 59% of selected families said there was not a favorable relationship among members and their families did not have the favorable characteristics regarding family relations. Also, 41% of police families reported that they had the indicators and criteria of a good family regarding to quality of relationships within the family. There was a significant difference among families with problems in family relationships and family without problems in terms of the quality of employee performance. Also, hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that family relation index explained for 23.2% of the variance of job performance.
5. Conclusions & Suggestions
The signs of failure in family relations, such as lack of concern for the members for each other, lack of enjoyment of family relations, differences and disputes in relationships, feel like a stranger in the family, lack of mutual understanding, and so on was observed among Yazd selected police families. According to these results, the police should increasingly strengthen family relations through the interventional actions, such as the workshops, aimed at enabling people.

Keywords

1. شکرکن ، ح.، نعامی، ع.؛ نیسی، ع.؛ مهرابی زاده هنرمند، م. (1380). بررسی رابطة خشنودی شغلی با رفتار مدنی سازمانی و عملکرد شغلی در کارکنان برخی از کارخانه‌های اهواز. مجلة علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی دانشگاه شهید چمران، 3 (4)، 22-1.
2. فرهنگ مجد، ش. (1388). رابطة علی عدالت سازمانی با خشنودی شغلی، تعهّد سازمانی و انگیزش شغلی با میانجی‌گری وجدانی بودن و میل به کنترل در کارکنان شرکت نفت. پایان‌نامة کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی، دانشکدة علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی دانشگاه چمران. اهواز، ایران.
3. Aminah, A. (2008). Direct and indirect effects of work-family conflict on job performance. The Journal of International Management Studies, 3, 176-180.
4. Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational change: R review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 293–315.
5. Babatunde, E. D., Colletta N. D., Garman, D., Kramer E. M., Megawangi, R., & Zeitlin, M. F. (1995). Strengthening the family-implications for international development. Tokyo: The United Nations University Press.
6. Barnett, R.C. (1994). Home-to-work spillover revisited: A study of full-time employed women in dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 647-656.
7. Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of the mind. New York: Dutton.
8. Bonomi, A. E., Boudreau, D. M., Fishman, P. A., Meenan, R. T., & Revicki, D. A. (2005). Is a family equal to the sum of its parts? Estimating family-level well-being for cost-effectiveness analysis. Quality of Life Research, 14, 1127–1133.
9. Bowling, A. (1995). The concept of quality of life in relation to health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(3), 633-645.
10. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1999). Environments in developmental perspective: Theoretical and operational models. In S. L. Friedman, and T. D. Wachs, (Eds.), Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts, (pp. 3-28). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, Child Health and Human Development Agency, Center for Research for Mothers and Children.
12. Bubolz, M. M., & Sontag, S. S. (1993). Human ecology theory. In P. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. Schumm & S. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of families theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 419–447). New York: Plenum Press.
13. Bussing, R., & Burket, R. C. (1993). Anxiety and interfamilial stress in children with hemophilia after the HIV crisis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(3), 562-567.
14. Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of positive organizational scholarship. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. (pp. 176-193). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
15. Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2007). Work-family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 17, 63-76.
16. Carlsson, M., & Hamrin, E. (1996). Measurement of quality of life in women with breast cancer. Development of a Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ-32) and a comparison with the EORTC QLQ-C30. Quality of Life Research, 5(2), 265-274
17. Carvalho, V.S., & Chambel, M.J. (2014). Work-to-family enrichment and employees’ well-being: High performance work system and job characteristics. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 373-387.
18. Compas, B. E., & Hammen, C. L. (1994). Child and adolescent depression: Covariation and comorbidity in development. In R.J. Haggerty, L.R. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and, resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms and intervention (pp. 225-267). New York: Cambridge University Press.
19. Costigan, C. L., Cox, M. J., & Cauce, A. M. (2003). Work-parenting linkages among dual-earner couples at the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 397-408.
20. Crouter, A. C., Bumpus, M. E., Maguire, M. C., & McHale, S. M. (1999). Linking parents' work pressure and adolescents' well-being: Insights into dynamics in dual-earner families. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1453-1461.
21. Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D., Ryan, C., Miller, L., & Keitner, G. (1993). The McMaster model view of healthy family functioning. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp. 138-160) New York/London: The Guildford Press.
22. Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Baldwin. L. M. (1984). McMaster model of family functioning. In D.H. Olson and P.M. Miller (Eds.), Family studies review yearbook. (Vol. 2, pp. 19-31). New Delhi: Sage Publications.
23. Farnham, S. D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1999). Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams, and M.A. Hogg, (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 230-248). Bodmin: M.P.G. Books Ltd.
24. Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. New York, Charles Thomas: Springfield, IL.
25. Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick and L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
26. Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychological functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 90-100.
27. Greenhaus, J. H., Bedeian, A. G., & Mossholder, K.W. (1987). Work experiences, job performance, and feelings of personal and family well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31, 200-215.
28. Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92.
29. Grzywacz, J. G. (2000). Work-family spillover and health during midlife: Is managing conflict everything? American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 236-243.
30. Grzywacz, J. G., & Bass, B. L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work– family fit. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 248–262.
31. Hayes, A., Gray, M., & Baxter, J. (2007, June). The wellbeing of families: Conceptual issues and unique insights from growing up in Australia. Paper presented at the Symposium conducted at the meeting of Australian Institute of Family Studies, Canberra.
32. Hudson, W. W. (1997). The WALMYR assessment scales scoring manual. Tallahassee, FL: WALMYR Publishing Company.
33. Jeffres, L.W., & Dobos, J. (1995). Separating people satisfaction with life and public perceptions of quality of life in the environment. Social Indicators Research, 34(2), 181–211.
34. Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires. Journal of Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 31, 439-445.
35. Kossek, E. E., Baltes, B. B., & Matthews, R. A. (2011). How work–family research can finally have an impact in organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4, 352-369.
36. Lapan, R. T., Osana, H. P., Tucker, B., & Kosciulek, J. F. (2002). Challenges for creating community career partnerships: Perspectives from practitioners. Career Development Quarterly, 51, 172-190.
37. Lee, D. L., Sirgy, M. G., Efraty, D., & Siegel, P. (2002). A study of quality life, spiritual well-being, and life satisfaction. In R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performances (pp. 209–230). Armonk, New York: M.E. Shape.
38. Linacre, S. (2007, June). Family statistics towards a framework. National Family Wellbeing Symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra. Retrieved from http://www.familiesaustralia.org.au/publications/pubs/conferences/nfws2007/nfwslinacre.pdf.
39. Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S. F., & Huang, M. T. (2006). A cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict and wellbeing: The Taiwanese vs. British. Career Development International, 11(1), 9-27.
40. McKeown, K., Pratschke, J., & Haase, T. (2003). Family well-being: what makes a difference? Retrieved from
http://www.welfare.ie/EN/Policy/ResearchSurveysAndStatistics/FamiliesResearchProgramme/Documents/famwelloct03.
41. McNall, L. A., Nicklin, J. M., & Masuda, A. D. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the consequences associated with work–family enrichment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 381–396.
42. Olson, D. H. (1999). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 144-167.
43. Peterson, A. C., Compas, B., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Depression in adolescents. American Psychologist, 48, 155-168.
44. Repetti, R. L., & Wood, J. (1997). Effects of daily stress at work on mothers' interactions with preschoolers. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 90-108.
45. Rettig, K. D., & Bubolz, M. M. (1983). Perceptual indicators of family life quality. Social Indicators Research, 12(4), 417–438.
46. Rettig, K. D., & Leichtentritt, R. D. (1999). A general theory for perceptual indicators of family life quality. Social Indicators Research, 47, 307–342.
47. Robins, L. N., Locke, B. Z., & Reiger, D. A. (1991). An overview of psychiatric disorders in America. In L.N. Robins and D.A. Reiger (Eds.), Disorders in America (pp. 328-366). New York: Free Press.
48. Russell, C. S., & Sprengkle, D. H. (1984). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Vl. Theoretical update. In D.H. Olson and P.M. Miller (Eds.), Family Studies Review Yearbook (pp. 62-97). New Delhi: Sage Publications.
49. Salam, F. (2014). Work overload, work-family conflict, family-Work conflict and their effects on job embeddedness: The moderating role of coworker support. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 75-80.
50. Sanchez, A. M., Jimenez, J.V., Carnicer, P. D., & Perez, M. P. (2007). Managerial perceptions of workplace flexibility and firm performance. International J. Operations and Production Manage, 27(7), 714-734.
51. Sing, M., Hill, H., & Mendenko, L. (2001). Work, welfare, and family wellbeing. Research Report. Mathematica Policy Research. New York: Princeton. Sponsored by the Iowa State Department of Human Services, Des Moines. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov.
52. Sirgy, M. J., Efraty, D., Siegel, P., & Lee, D. (2001). A new measure of quality of work life (QWL) based on need satisfaction and spillover theories. Social Indicators Research, 55, 241-302.
53. Szalai, A. (1980). The meaning of comparative research on the quality of life’. In A. Szalai and F. Andrews (Eds.), the Quality of life: Comparative studies (pp. 273-285). California: Sage Publications.
54. Van Steenbergen, E. F., Ellemers, N., & Mooijaart, A. (2007). How work and family can facilitate each other: Distinct types of work-family facilitation and outcomes for women and men. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 279-300.
55. Voydanoff, P. (2001). Incorporating community into work-family research: A review of basic relationships. Human Relations, 54, 1609-1637.
56. Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages between the work-family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes: An integrative model. Journal of Family Issues, 23(1), 138-164.
57. Voydanoff, P. (2007). Work, family, and community. Exploring interconnections. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
58. Wilkinson, A. (1998). Empowerment: theory and practice. Personnel Review, 27, 40–56.
59. Zimmerman, C., & Frampton, M. (1935). Family and Society: A study of the sociology of reconstruction. New York: Van Nostrand.
60. Zimmerman, S. L. (2003). Child and family wellbeing in states with different political cultures. Families in Society, 84(2), 275–284.
CAPTCHA Image